The man who led these invasions in Russia, Hungary, Leinitz and all the major battles fought in Korea, China, Persia and Central Asia, Subotai Bagatur (1175-1248), or Subotai the Valiant, was one of history's greatest generals, demonstrably the equal of Hannibal and Scipio in tactical brilliance and perhaps of Alexander and Caesar in strategy. With his conquest of Hungary, he destroyed every European military force of consequence standing between the Mongols and Western Europe. Still almost unknown in the West for the strategist and tactical genius he was, Subotai inspired the modern military emphases on speed, maneuver, surprise, envelopment, deep battle and battles of annihilation."
The following paragraph would demonstrate that after the defeat of the Hungarians, the whole of Western laid open defenseless against the Mongol army. If the Mongol had continued their advances and campaings into Western Europe, it is safely to assume that the principal cities of Western Europe would have been conquered by the Mongols.
However, due to Mongol traditions, with the death of Ogedai Khan, Genghis Khan's third son, all the Mongol royal family members would have to return to Mongolia despite of whatever battles they were engaging at that moment.
Therefore, Western Europe was saved from the Mongol conquest, but Batu Khan consolidated his conquest of Russia and ruled it (although indirectly for close to three centuries).
"The Mongols were preparing to attack Vienna when a messenger arrived with the news that Ogedai Khan had died. Mongol law required all royal offspring to return to the capital in Karakorum to take part in the election of a new khan. Subotai's army had three royal princes with it. The Mongol columns turned east and began the long march back to Mongolia. Their route took them through Dalmatia and Serbia and across northern Bulgaria. They laid waste to these lands before vanishing across the lower Danube, never to return to Europe. In Russia, the Mongols established their own state, the Golden Horde of Batu Khan, and ruled the country for nearly three centuries."
Subotai was 68 when he returned from the long campaign against Russia and Hungary. He died at age 73, but his tactical and strategic legacy lived on. Two Russians, Lt Gen. Mikhail I. Ivanin (1801-1874) who wrote an analysis of Mongol tactics and in 1924, Mikhail Frunze, the deputy people's commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, introduced the concept of "deep battle", which mandates widespread seizure of the offensive by conducting long-range attacks against enemy troop concentrations, road junctions, communications, cities and supply depots, thus paralyzing his ability to concentrate in force and forcing him to retreat rather than act. This was, truly, the Mongol strategic theory of War.
The Russian emphasis on surprise, maneuver over long distances, maintaining the offensive and striking the enemy in depth at multiple points has its origins in the Mongol experience, as does the Russian reliance on mobility, maneuver, encirclement and annihilation of the enemy wherever he can be brought to battle.
By 1937 the Russians had--in a doctrinal and tactical sense--essentially reinvented the Mongol army with modern equipment. The Red Army was the largest and most mechanized army in the world, and its commanders were better trained in the operational control of large units over great distances than those of any officer corps in the West. Frunze and Tukhachevsky, both students of Ivanin's analysis of the Mongol campaigns, had reconfigured the Russian army in the image of the armies of Genghis Khan and Subotai.
The following are the Innovations introduced by the Mongols in warfare.
By the time Subotai died in 1248, he'd conquered 32 nations and won 65 battles. His successes rested largely on the Mongols' innovative style of warfare, with emphases on speed, maneuver and surprise.
Speed: The Mongol army, organized in units of 10, 100, 1,000 and 10,000 called a touman, was almost entirely cavalry (40 percent heavy, 60 light). Each soldier had three or four mounts--swift, durable Przewalsky horses that could forage in winter. A touman might cover hundreds of miles in a few days.
Maneuver: The army advanced in widely separated columns, communicating via couriers. When an enemy was located, columns coalesced and struck simultaneously from several directions, even from the rear. Typically, light mounted archers charged first, followed by the shock of heavy cavalry.
Surprise: Mongol army units worked to conceal their numbers, locations and intentions, encircling enemies and feigning retreats to ser up ambushes.
By using Intimidation
An important precept of Mongol warfare was the battle of annihilation. The Mongols equated "victory" with the utter destruction of enemies.
Capture or Kill: When attacking an enemy stronghold, Mongols captured young men to serve in their army and slaughtered all others. Pragmatically, this was done to crush any threat to their lines of communication and to demoralize other potential enemies.
Divide and Conquer: Destroying enemy cities in rapid succession-as they did in northern Russia in 1238, sacking 12 walled towns in 60 days---the Mongols reduced their risk of facing coalition armies.
Leave No Garrison: Slaughtering inhabitants of conquered cities meant the Mongols did not have to divide their army and garrison soldiers.
Pursue to Death: The Mongols ruthlessly harried enemy leaders not slain in battle, to prevent them from serving as rallying points for opposition.
By 1937 the Russians had--in a doctrinal and tactical sense--essentially reinvented the Mongol army with modern equipment. The Red Army was the largest and most mechanized army in the world, and its commanders were better trained in the operational control of large units over great distances than those of any officer corps in the West. Frunze and Tukhachevsky, both students of Ivanin's analysis of the Mongol campaigns, had reconfigured the Russian army in the image of the armies of Genghis Khan and Subotai.
The following are the Innovations introduced by the Mongols in warfare.
By the time Subotai died in 1248, he'd conquered 32 nations and won 65 battles. His successes rested largely on the Mongols' innovative style of warfare, with emphases on speed, maneuver and surprise.
Speed: The Mongol army, organized in units of 10, 100, 1,000 and 10,000 called a touman, was almost entirely cavalry (40 percent heavy, 60 light). Each soldier had three or four mounts--swift, durable Przewalsky horses that could forage in winter. A touman might cover hundreds of miles in a few days.
Maneuver: The army advanced in widely separated columns, communicating via couriers. When an enemy was located, columns coalesced and struck simultaneously from several directions, even from the rear. Typically, light mounted archers charged first, followed by the shock of heavy cavalry.
Surprise: Mongol army units worked to conceal their numbers, locations and intentions, encircling enemies and feigning retreats to ser up ambushes.
By using Intimidation
An important precept of Mongol warfare was the battle of annihilation. The Mongols equated "victory" with the utter destruction of enemies.
Capture or Kill: When attacking an enemy stronghold, Mongols captured young men to serve in their army and slaughtered all others. Pragmatically, this was done to crush any threat to their lines of communication and to demoralize other potential enemies.
Divide and Conquer: Destroying enemy cities in rapid succession-as they did in northern Russia in 1238, sacking 12 walled towns in 60 days---the Mongols reduced their risk of facing coalition armies.
Leave No Garrison: Slaughtering inhabitants of conquered cities meant the Mongols did not have to divide their army and garrison soldiers.
Pursue to Death: The Mongols ruthlessly harried enemy leaders not slain in battle, to prevent them from serving as rallying points for opposition.
From the above information, we can see that what the Mongol army employed so successfully in the 13th Century against Asia and Europe were actually unique methods of warfare unfamiliar to the civilized world at large.
Therefore, their battle field successes were actually the results that the Mongols had employed a system of superior tactics and strategy in war which were not known or practiced to perfection by the Mongols.
BEING AN OVERSEAS CHINESE, I am deeply impressed by the ancient Mongol methods of waging war, because we all can emulate and learn from the Mongol Mindset to do the following:
By emigrating to strange countries in our world today, we, as Overseas chinese must devise new ways to imporve our livelihood, such as learning, working, mingling with other races, to get into the mainstream in each of the countries we reside and trying to be Good Citizens.
However, it is not enough to just work hard, study hard, and try to be accepte by the mainstream of the population.
We Overseas Chinese must also try to innovate in the methods in doing things, try to find opportunities to compete with the mainstream and be recognized as not average, but outstanding citizens, be it in business, arts, science, law, politics, agriculture, education, computer sceince, sports, mathematics, economics and etc.
Just like the Mongols employed in their superior and super effective military tactics and strategy in waging war, WE OVERSEAS CHINESE SHOULD ALSO STRIFE TO FIND WAYS AND MEANS TO NOT ONLY EQUAL TO THE MASSES, BUT TRY TO STAND OUT AND ABOVE THE MASSES.
OUR MOTTO MUST BE TO TYR HARD, CONTINUOUSLY, RELENTLESSLY, NEVER GIVE UP, AND NEVER GIVE IN TO BE A BETTER CITIZEN, BETTER STUDENT, BETTER BUSINESSMAN, BETTER WORKER, BETTER LAWYER, BETTER POLITICIAN, BETTER DOCTOR IN ORDER TO SERVE OTHERS AND ALSO TO FEEL PROUD WE HAVE DONE OUR VERY BEST IN THE NEW COUNTRIES WE HAVE CHOSEN TO SETTLE AND PROSPER.
Nenhum comentário:
Postar um comentário